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What is an access point?

An access point is a device that facilitates wireless connectivity to a network, such as the internet. It serves as an intermediary between your devices and the network, enabling a wireless link for your devices to access network resources.

How does an access point function?

An access point functions by receiving data from your device and relaying it to the network. It transforms the data into a wireless signal and transmits it over a designated frequency or channel. Your device then captures this signal, allowing it to interact with other devices on the network.

What advantages does using an access point provide?

Utilizing an access point presents numerous advantages. Primarily, it offers a wireless connection, enabling you to link your devices without the necessity of physical cables. This enhances flexibility and mobility. Furthermore, an access point permits multiple devices to connect to the network concurrently, fostering seamless communication and collaboration.

Is it possible to use an access point in a home environment?

Certainly, an access point can be employed in residential environments, delivering wireless connectivity throughout your home. This enables you to connect smartphones, tablets, laptops, smart televisions, and other devices to the internet without the inconvenience of running Ethernet cables throughout the premises.

How can I establish an access point in my home?

Establishing an access point in your home is quite straightforward. You need to connect the access point to your existing modem or router using an Ethernet cable. Following this, you will configure the access point’s settings, including the network name (SSID) and security parameters. Once set up, you can position the access point in an ideal location to ensure comprehensive wireless coverage throughout your home.

Access points are equipped with a variety of features designed to improve the wireless connectivity experience. Some of the notable features include:

Multiple Service Set Identifiers (SSIDs) – This functionality allows the creation of several networks within a single access point, facilitating distinct connections for guests or specific devices.

WiFi Protected Access Pre-Shared Key (WPA2-PSK) – This feature provides robust encryption, safeguarding the network against unauthorized access.

Quality of Service (QoS) – This capability prioritizes network traffic, ensuring a seamless and uninterrupted experience for activities that require significant bandwidth, such as streaming or gaming.

Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) Support – This allows for the segmentation of the network into virtual networks, enhancing security and control.

What is the range of an access point?

The coverage range of an access point is influenced by several factors, including antenna design, power output, and environmental conditions. Typically, access points can cover distances of approximately 100 to 300 feet indoors and several hundred meters outdoors. However, physical obstructions like walls and interference from other devices may impact the effective range.

What is the function of an access point?

An access point acts as a central hub for transmitting and receiving signals for wireless devices to connect to a wired network. It enables devices such as laptops, smartphones, and tablets to wirelessly access the internet or other network resources.

Is it possible to enhance the range of an access point?

Indeed, the range of an access point can be enhanced by incorporating additional devices such as wireless repeaters or mesh network systems. These devices serve to amplify the wireless signal, effectively addressing any dead zones within your wireless coverage.

What distinguishes an access point from a router?

Although both an access point and a router facilitate wireless connectivity, they fulfill distinct roles. A router connects your local network to the internet, functioning as a gateway. It also offers features such as dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) for the assignment of internet protocol (IP) addresses to devices within the network. Conversely, an access point extends the wireless network, enabling devices to connect wirelessly.

Is it feasible to utilize multiple access points within my network?

Yes, employing multiple access points within your network is feasible and can create a more extensive and resilient wireless infrastructure. This approach is referred to as a wireless network or wireless local area network (WLAN) deployment. By strategically positioning multiple access points throughout your environment, you can ensure comprehensive coverage and maintain a reliable wireless connection in all areas.

Can an access point accommodate various wireless standards?

Yes, contemporary access points are designed to support a range of wireless standards, including 802.11ac (WiFi 5) and 802.11ax (WiFi 6). These standards provide enhanced speeds, increased capacity, and superior performance compared to older standards such as 802.11n (WiFi 4).

Is it possible to implement multiple access points in my home or office?

Certainly, deploying multiple access points can effectively extend wireless coverage in larger spaces. This method is commonly referred to as wireless network expansion or mesh networking. It aids in eliminating dead zones and ensures a seamless wireless experience throughout the premises.

Access control is a security measure that determines who or what is permitted to access or utilize resources within a computing environment. It is a crucial aspect of security that helps to mitigate risks faced by businesses or organizations.

Access control can be categorized into two primary types: physical and logical. Physical access control restricts entry to buildings, campuses, rooms, and tangible IT assets. In contrast, logical access control governs access to computer networks, system files, and data.

To enhance facility security, organizations implement electronic access control systems that utilize keys, access card readers, personal identification number (PIN) pads, and auditing mechanisms to monitor employee access to restricted areas and proprietary locations, such as data centers. Some systems feature access control panels to manage entry to specific rooms and buildings, along with alarms and lockdown functions to deter unauthorized access or activities.

Logical access control systems are responsible for the authentication and authorization of users and entities. They assess the necessary login credentials, which may include passwords, PINs, biometric scans, security tokens, or other forms of authentication. Multifactor authentication (MFA), which necessitates two or more authentication factors, is frequently a vital component of a comprehensive access control strategy.

Access control is crucial for safeguarding against unauthorized access to both physical and digital systems. Its primary objective is to reduce the security risks associated with such access. Access control serves as a vital element of security compliance initiatives designed to protect sensitive information, including customer data. Most organizations implement infrastructure and procedures that restrict access to networks, computer systems, applications, files, and sensitive information, such as personally identifiable information (PII) and intellectual property. It is essential to defend against both unauthorized data exfiltration and alterations to sensitive information.

Access control systems can be intricate and may pose management challenges in dynamic IT environments that encompass both on-premises systems and cloud services. In response to significant security breaches, technology providers have transitioned from single sign-on systems to unified access management solutions, which deliver access controls for both on-premises and cloud environments.

The functioning of access control involves identifying individuals or entities, verifying their claimed identity, and authorizing the corresponding access level and actions associated with that identity. Directory services and protocols, such as Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML), facilitate access controls that authenticate and authorize users and entities, enabling them to connect to computer resources like distributed applications and web servers.

Organizations adopt various access control models based on their compliance obligations and the security levels of their IT systems that require protection.

Types of Access Control:

The primary models of access control include the following:

Mandatory Access Control (MAC). This security model governs access rights through a centralized authority that operates on multiple security levels. It is frequently employed in governmental and military contexts, where classifications are assigned to system resources and managed by the operating system or security kernel. Access to resource objects is granted or denied based on the information security clearance of the user or device. An example of MAC implementation is Security-Enhanced Linux, which operates on a Linux file system.

Discretionary Access Control (DAC). DAC is a method of access control where the owners or administrators of a protected object establish the policies that determine who or what is permitted to access the resource. Many DAC systems allow administrators to restrict the spread of access rights. A notable criticism of DAC systems is their lack of centralized control.

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC). RBAC is a prevalent access control framework that limits access to computer resources based on defined roles associated with individuals or groups, such as executive level and engineer level 1, rather than the identities of individual users. This role-based security model is built upon a sophisticated structure of role assignments, authorizations, and permissions, developed through role engineering to manage employee access to systems. RBAC systems can also be utilized to enforce both MAC and DAC frameworks.

Rule-based access control is a security framework wherein the system administrator establishes the rules that dictate access to resource objects. These rules are frequently contingent upon specific conditions, such as the time of day or the user’s location. It is common practice to employ a combination of rule-based access control and role-based access control (RBAC) to implement access policies and procedures effectively.

Attribute-based access control is a strategy that governs access rights by assessing a collection of rules, policies, and relationships, utilizing the attributes of users, systems, and environmental factors.

Implementing access control involves its integration into an organization’s IT infrastructure. This process may encompass identity management and access management systems, which provide software for access control, a user database, and management tools for the formulation, auditing, and enforcement of access control policies.

When a user is incorporated into an access management system, system administrators typically utilize an automated provisioning system to establish permissions in accordance with access control frameworks, job roles, and workflows.

The principle of least privilege is regarded as the best practice for assigning rights within an access control system, ensuring that an entity is granted access solely to the resources necessary for fulfilling its immediate job responsibilities.

Gate motors are specialized electrical devices engineered to facilitate the opening and closing of gates.
These motors, in conjunction with the gates they operate, are primarily employed to enhance the
security of various properties, including both residential and commercial establishments. They play a
vital role in managing access points to buildings. A prevalent application of gate motors is in automatic
parking gates, commonly found in large parking facilities and industrial sites, where their use can
significantly reduce the time and labor required for manual operation.
The automation of gates is determined by the type of motor utilized, which can be classified into two
categories: Gear Drive and Direct Drive. Gear Drive motors employ a gearbox to rotate the shaft that is
linked to the gate, while Direct Drive motors typically utilize a worm gear motor or a ball screw to
directly actuate a post that is attached to the gate.
How Do Gate Motors Work?
Gate motors function by receiving commands from a controller that directs the motor’s actions. Since
gates are primarily operated in two states—open or closed—this binary operation can be aligned with
an on/off circuit, enabling a single switch to manage the gate’s movement. While this outlines the
fundamental principles, gate motors can be integrated with various systems that facilitate their
automation.
To operate electric gates, gate motors must be connected to a reliable power source, which is usually
the main electrical line of the property. With advancements in renewable energy technologies, some
gate motors can now also be powered by solar energy. It is important to highlight that most motorized
gate systems are equipped with a battery that charges when connected to a power source, ensuring
functionality even during power outages.
Additionally, the motor’s control mechanism is a critical component, typically involving either a remote
control or a wired sensor. These control systems usually feature three operational settings: open, close,
and stop.
When the switch is positioned to “open,” it indicates that the motor will rotate in a counterclockwise
direction, resulting in the gate opening. Conversely, when the switch is set to “closed,” the motor will
cease all movement immediately, ensuring that the gate remains stationary regardless of any accidental
adjustments to the switch’s position.
Certain systems may utilize software on computers to manage the operation of the gate motor. This
level of control is typically advised for larger, industrial applications. Such systems are generally linked to
a central control panel, which is often monitored by the security personnel. A notable advantage of
computerized systems is their cost-effectiveness, as they can frequently be integrated with other
security measures, such as a company’s alarm system.
Types of Gate Motors Employed in Gate Automation:
A variety of automatic gate motors are available for gate automation. Below are three of the most
commonly used types.
AC Gate Motors:
AC motors are among the most favored options in gate automation due to their versatility and
affordability. These motors are suitable for both indoor and outdoor use. A defining feature of a custom
AC motor is that, as indicated by the abbreviation “AC,” they operate on alternating current.
There are additional distinguishing features; however, comprehending the current is essential for a
more comprehensive understanding of the entire system. In an alternating current (AC) circuit, the
charge flows in a single direction, yet the direction of the current can be reversed. This reversal is
dictated by the voltage present in the AC circuit. Conversely, in a direct current (DC) motor, the current
flows in a single direction around the circuit, which is why the voltage in a DC motor tends to remain
stable.
The current in custom AC motors is dependent on a component known as an alternator, which
alternates the current’s direction. An alternator functions as a basic electrical generator, producing an
electromagnetic field (EMF) whenever electricity flows through a rotating rotor shaft. The rotor spins
within a stationary wire coil, referred to as a stator, resulting in a change in the direction of the EMF as
the rotor shaft rotates in relation to the stator.
DC Gate Motors:
Due to their affordability, DC motors are commonly employed in budget-friendly gate automation
systems and smaller applications, such as those found in residential security setups. Similar to AC
motors, these devices can be utilized in both indoor and outdoor environments.
As with most gear-operated machinery, the gear is linked to the motor, and the number of rotations of
the shaft determines the speed measured in revolutions per minute. In many cases, the DC gearhead
motor is connected to the rotating shaft. The speed of the rotor can be reduced through the use of a
gearbox, which results in an increase in torque, essentially representing the force or power exerted by
the motor’s rotor.
The efficiency of a gearbox is primarily influenced by the specific gear configuration implemented. A
critical aspect of the design is the number of reduction stages or gears incorporated. However, various
additional factors, such as the type of lubricants used and the surrounding temperatures, can also affect
the efficiency of the generator.
The Advantages of Utilizing Gate Motors:
Gate motors represent a valuable investment due to the numerous advantages they offer. Primarily,
their convenience stands out as a significant benefit. These motors can automatically open and close
gates in response to triggers from sensors, such as motion detectors, eliminating the need for
individuals to exit their vehicles to operate the gate manually.
Additionally, gates equipped with motors can also be operated manually, which is advantageous in
scenarios where sensor activation may not be suitable. Gate motors play a crucial role in managing
traffic flow in parking areas, enhancing efficiency and safety.
These motors, activated by sensors, can also be manually controlled, providing a practical solution for
large parking facilities that require effective traffic management. Furthermore, gate motors are utilized
in industrial environments to regulate the movement of materials, demonstrating their versatility and
importance in various operational contexts.

An IP intercom is a device that connects to the internet, enabling audio and video communication
between two individuals. The term “IP” refers to Internet Protocol, which encompasses the guidelines
for routing and addressing data, ensuring it reaches the appropriate destination over the internet.
These intercoms can establish connections either directly through a Local Area Network (LAN) or via a
computer server. Unlike traditional analog intercom systems, IP intercoms utilize digital technology,
which allows for the transmission of more extensive and intricate data, including video. Additionally,
contemporary IP intercoms can interface with a building’s electronic or magnetic locking systems,
thereby facilitating access control.
IP intercoms represent a growing category of everyday devices—such as refrigerators, toasters, and
lighting —that are increasingly connected to the internet. This categorizes them within the Internet of
Things (IoT). Similar to other IoT devices, IP intercoms leverage integrated sensors and cloud-based
processing capabilities to perform their functions, primarily enabling residents to communicate with
visitors seamlessly.
IP video Intercoms:
Many of the latest IP intercoms are equipped with cameras, allowing for video calling. These IP video
intercoms enhance security and convenience by enabling residents to visually identify individuals
requesting entry before granting access.
Operating over the internet, video IP intercoms can manage the substantial data requirements
associated with video communication. The most effective IP intercoms with cameras can connect to
smartphones, eliminating the need for hardware installation in every unit. However, some models may
require the installation of small devices with screens in each unit.
How does an IP intercom function?
IP intercoms function by utilizing the internet to relay data between a master station and its associated
terminals. The system comprises two main components master stations and terminals.
Intercom on Mobile:
It is indeed possible to utilize your phone as an IP intercom. Both smartphones and landline phones can
function with an IP-based video intercom system. These intercoms leverage VoIP (Voice over Internet
Protocol) technology to facilitate communication. When a visitor arrives, the intercom can initiate a call
to the resident’s phone via VoIP. This allows tenants and building personnel to interact with visitors and
grant access to the property, regardless of their physical location.
Certain IP intercoms are capable of transmitting video to a smartphone, effectively enabling the use of
your phone as an IP intercom. Recent advancements in video intercom technology have transformed
smartphones into multifunctional devices, far exceeding the basic role of receiving calls. The most
advanced video intercom systems even allow users to generate virtual keys for guest access, provide
delivery PINs for couriers, and unlock elevators equipped with key fobs for visitors.
In comparing IP intercoms to traditional intercom systems, several advantages of IP intercoms become
evident, aiding in your decision-making process.
The advantages of IP intercoms over their traditional counterparts include:

1. Simplified installation. Traditional intercom systems often necessitate extensive and expensive wiring
   throughout a building. In contrast, IP intercoms require significantly less wiring, making installation more
   straightforward.
2. Greater flexibility. Should you need to add additional terminals, the installation of a traditional system
   can be cumbersome and disruptive. Conversely, the installation of wireless IP intercoms is a much more
   manageable task.
3. Enhanced security. Many IP intercoms feature camera systems that provide continuous monitoring of
   who enters and exits the building.
4. Increased resident satisfaction. In today’s competitive rental market, resident satisfaction is
   paramount. The right amenities can attract new tenants while retaining current ones. IP intercoms serve
   as cost-effective enhancements that significantly improve the living experience for residents

What is an AV System? Why do you need it?
What is AV system?
While working in the modern workplace, you may have heard the phrase “AV” or “AV system”.
An AV control system is an audiovisual system that enables communication between devices such as
cameras and sound systems.
The heart and brain of a communications hardware and software group, an AV system, includes a
variety of hardware such as speakers, amplifiers, video cameras, conference calls, screens and
interactive whiteboards Many businesses are realizing the benefits of integrating control modules.
These systems are a smart and necessary investment for businesses that rely on presentations and
conferences on a daily basis.
What are the components of an AV system?
Speakers:
Cameras, projectors, microphones, and amplifiers are all coordinated by an AV system. These control
systems are especially used for audio visual system. They have changed the way modern employees
communicate in boardrooms and conference rooms.
Microphones:
Sound quality is crucial in meetings. Your AV equipment must have high-end microphones that can
adapt to new situations. A good microphone will follow the speaker so it can pick up your voice even
from across the room, and the ambient noises like background conversations should also be filtered by
the microphone. For example, there are many cameras that are called video conferencing cameras. A
video conferencing camera is equipped with a 4-element microphone and speaker to ensure smooth,
high-quality sound for every meeting.
Speaker & Amplifier:
Speakers need to be loud enough, and amplifiers ensure the sound doesn’t lose the quality of the voice
at higher volumes. A good speakerphone allows everyone in the meeting room to speak and be heard at
the same time. Amplifiers play a key role in handling all the audio control.
Video Display:
Video quality is important for users, and users should be able to watch the video from anywhere within
the coverage space. Pictures size and placement look crystal clear by the available space. Projectors are
useful when there is enough space to effectively display the image, and there is not too much ambient
light in the area.
Why do we need an AV system?
Because it brings many benefits on the job: It reduces technical training efforts.
You don’t need specialized IT knowledge to operate AV technology. It replaces outdated
technology with simple but comprehensive software, shortening the learning curve.
Explore Advanced Features of Audio Video system:
AV control system allows you to try out new technologies with a seamless user experience. AV devices
are designed to let you control advanced features like interactive whiteboards and digital sign age
without experiencing technical delays.
Larger Audience CoverageThe AV system allows you to meet the needs of a larger audience. With full AV system support, you can
transform your presentation into a high production value experience, engaging both virtual and in-
person participants. This helps you attract more investors, clients & consumers, increase development
services, and achieve key business goals.
Flexible Content Sharing
The audio video software allows users to share content. For example, you can quickly and easily project
your computer screen onto a video display.
Achieve your goals better
In conference rooms, users appreciate audio video technology that enables fast connections between
devices.
The Utilization of AV Systems
The application of audio-visual (AV) systems is determined by specific requirements; however, certain
environments can significantly benefit from their implementation.
Primarily, classrooms of school or college AV systems enhance the learning experience for students,
fostering greater engagement compared to traditional methods that rely on textbooks.
Additionally, in the context of conferences and meetings, AV technology facilitates the inclusion of
virtual participants, thereby enabling organizations to expand their reach and enhance their operational
capabilities.
Furthermore, by leveraging AV technology at trade shows, entrepreneurs can connect with like-minded
individuals in their industry. This technology allows for the creation of dynamic displays that
complement presentations, effectively showcasing their offerings to interested audiences.
As technology continues to advance rapidly, the potential applications of AV systems extend far beyond
the aforementioned scenarios, promising to transform various aspects of our lives

What is the Home Automation or Smart home, and how does it function?

Automation of your house makes your life more convenient by making different tasks occur automatically.

Home Automation or Smart Home System

Home automation is also called smart home. It’s a technology that allows users to easily handle automatic functions for home care. This can work under the set of rules with the help of sensors. For example, the automation programs allow you to turn on the lights for an hour. To help with the rules, you can impose on your curtains to be directed to certain actions for scenarios (for example, when the curtains open a light goes off). The scenario allows your lights to perform the specific function according to the scenario. This means you can control additional devices with just some settings or press a button.

The automation of the home keeps life more convenient and can also save your money on the air conditioning and electricity systems. Automation of home can also lead to greater security for IT devices and the cameras and security systems.

Home Automation vs. Internet of Thing (lot)

Comparing the Internet of Things to Home Automation From a broader perspective, an IoT (Internet of Things) device is any device that can communicate with other devices by connecting to the internet. That typically refers to your smartphone, tablet, or laptop. However, there are a list of IoT devices used in smart homes. You’re smart TV, smart lights, smart locks, smart thermostat, and so on are all examples of IoT devices. An IoT device is basically any device that can connect to the internet and talk to other devices.

Home automation, on the other hand, is the process of automating a home device. Because it can be programmed with schedules, even a standard programmable thermostat can be used as a home automation device. A home automation device is anything you can automate.

IoT devices and home automation have a lot in common. The majority of home automation devices are also Internet of Things (IoT) devices, but not all of them are. For instance, unlike IoT smart locks, which are connected to your smartphone and can be controlled through an app, Bluetooth smart locks are not home automation devices because they are not internet-connected.

How does automation work in the home?

Connecting a network of devices enables them to communicate with one another and automate your home. Typically, everything will be coordinated by a single device. That could be an Alexa, Google Assistant, or Siri-enabled smart speaker or display. Your smartphone with the appropriate controller app installed could also be the source.

Nowadays, almost all home automation systems require an internet connection, but this does not mean that devices that are not connected to the internet are left behind. A hub is required to incorporate them into an internet-connected home automation system. They connect to a hub via a different communication protocol, such as Bluetooth, hotspot, etc serve as a bridge between them and the internet.

How is it like to live in a smart house?

Well, as passionate about the Home Automation system, we can say that it is genius. The lights of our living room and our terrace come on as the sun sets and the sun rises, our coffee maker begins to prepare coffee a few minutes before we wake up, our home security system activates when we turn it off. The alarm system deactivates when we are at home, and our entry door is locked at all nights.

The home management system is a relatively new technology, and for those who have not been using it as long as we do, it may be frustrating at first. But let’s trust you: automating your home is less complicated than it seems, especially if we are by your side

Hidden Eye is offering Installation of Full SIRA approved Security Systems including CCTV & Wifi, gate barriers. Full Professional Structure Cabling work for Towers & Villas by our well trained team. Chat Support Available. We are working on all kind of cctv camera brands including Hikvision, Dahua, Ezviz, etc

How does CCTV function?
Analog and digital systems operate on fundamentally different principles; however, contemporary CCTV
networks employ conversion software and hardware to transform analog signals into digital formats.
This procedure is referred to as retrofitting.
A conventional CCTV system consists of:
One or more cameras (either analog or digital), each equipped with a lens and an image sensor
A recording device – This can be a standard video tape recorder for analog systems or a Direct Video
Recorder (DVR) or Network Video Recorder (NVR) for digital systems
Cabling – Utilizing RJ45 for digital systems or coaxial cables for analog systems
One or more monitors that display the transmitted images.
A camera captures images through its lens utilizing image sensors. These images, along with audio in
many cases, are sent to a recorder or tape, either through wireless means or via cables. Recorders may
incorporate analytical software and advanced technologies to analyze the data and generate automated
notifications for human operators or other systems and devices. This Video Management Software
(VMS) is responsible for recording, storing, and analyzing video feeds. Often, the software employs self-
learning capabilities through machine learning (ML) algorithms, which facilitate functions such as motion
detection, facial recognition, and people counting. Monitoring can be conducted passively through
software or actively by personnel. It is essential for CCTV networks to be monitored effectively.
Types of CCTV systems include:
Analog systems, which utilize Bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC) connectors on coaxial cables to transmit
continuous video signals. While they offer relatively low resolution, they are cost-effective and efficient.
Analog systems typically require additional peripherals, as standard coaxial cables do not usually carry
audio. However, analog signals can be digitized, making the transition to digital more economical, even
with older equipment. The images necessitate a video capture card and can be stored on a personal
computer or tape recorder. An enhanced version, known as analog HD, provides improved resolution
compared to traditional systems (up to 1080 pixels) and maintains compatibility with existing analog
cameras and BNC connections.
Digital – This approach involves the digitization of signals at the camera level. Such systems do not
necessitate a video capture card, as images are directly stored on a computer. However, they typically
require a considerable amount of storage space for recordings, leading to significant compression of the
data.
Network or IP – Applicable to both analog and digital cameras, these systems employ a video server to
transmit footage via the internet. The benefits include the capability for WiFi connectivity and audio
integration, the use of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) for image analysis, remote accessibility,
Power over Ethernet (POE), and enhanced resolution. Additionally, IP cameras can integrate multiple
cameras into a single unit, allowing for extensive coverage that would otherwise require several
individual cameras or systems.
All three options remain in active use, with a notable preference for IP camera systems and digital video
cameras.

CCTV advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages – Allow for remote surveillance, eliminate the need for extensive cabling, offer high
mobility, and support the automation of monitoring tasks.
Disadvantages – Can be costly when purchased as a complete system, may require a steeper learning
curve, and are vulnerable to hacking threats.
Analog CCTV advantages and disadvantages
Advantages – Generally more affordable and simpler to install compared to network CCTV, with greater
vendor support accessible.
Disadvantages – Provide lower image resolution, necessitate more cabling, and do not support data
encryption