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How does CCTV function?
Analog and digital systems operate on fundamentally different principles; however, contemporary CCTV
networks employ conversion software and hardware to transform analog signals into digital formats.
This procedure is referred to as retrofitting.
A conventional CCTV system consists of:
One or more cameras (either analog or digital), each equipped with a lens and an image sensor
A recording device – This can be a standard video tape recorder for analog systems or a Direct Video
Recorder (DVR) or Network Video Recorder (NVR) for digital systems
Cabling – Utilizing RJ45 for digital systems or coaxial cables for analog systems
One or more monitors that display the transmitted images.
A camera captures images through its lens utilizing image sensors. These images, along with audio in
many cases, are sent to a recorder or tape, either through wireless means or via cables. Recorders may
incorporate analytical software and advanced technologies to analyze the data and generate automated
notifications for human operators or other systems and devices. This Video Management Software
(VMS) is responsible for recording, storing, and analyzing video feeds. Often, the software employs self-
learning capabilities through machine learning (ML) algorithms, which facilitate functions such as motion
detection, facial recognition, and people counting. Monitoring can be conducted passively through
software or actively by personnel. It is essential for CCTV networks to be monitored effectively.
Types of CCTV systems include:
Analog systems, which utilize Bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC) connectors on coaxial cables to transmit
continuous video signals. While they offer relatively low resolution, they are cost-effective and efficient.
Analog systems typically require additional peripherals, as standard coaxial cables do not usually carry
audio. However, analog signals can be digitized, making the transition to digital more economical, even
with older equipment. The images necessitate a video capture card and can be stored on a personal
computer or tape recorder. An enhanced version, known as analog HD, provides improved resolution
compared to traditional systems (up to 1080 pixels) and maintains compatibility with existing analog
cameras and BNC connections.
Digital – This approach involves the digitization of signals at the camera level. Such systems do not
necessitate a video capture card, as images are directly stored on a computer. However, they typically
require a considerable amount of storage space for recordings, leading to significant compression of the
data.
Network or IP – Applicable to both analog and digital cameras, these systems employ a video server to
transmit footage via the internet. The benefits include the capability for WiFi connectivity and audio
integration, the use of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) for image analysis, remote accessibility,
Power over Ethernet (POE), and enhanced resolution. Additionally, IP cameras can integrate multiple
cameras into a single unit, allowing for extensive coverage that would otherwise require several
individual cameras or systems.
All three options remain in active use, with a notable preference for IP camera systems and digital video
cameras.
CCTV advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages – Allow for remote surveillance, eliminate the need for extensive cabling, offer high
mobility, and support the automation of monitoring tasks.
Disadvantages – Can be costly when purchased as a complete system, may require a steeper learning
curve, and are vulnerable to hacking threats.
Analog CCTV advantages and disadvantages
Advantages – Generally more affordable and simpler to install compared to network CCTV, with greater
vendor support accessible.
Disadvantages – Provide lower image resolution, necessitate more cabling, and do not support data
encryption
